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what region was popular in China and spread to Japan by missionaries

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Overview of the role of Christianity in Japan

Christianity in Nihon is amid the nation'south minority religions in terms of individuals who state an explicit affiliation or faith. Betwixt less than 1 percent[one] [two] [3] [four] and 1.5%[v] of the population claims Christian belief or affiliation. However, Christianity has played a crucial role in the shaping of Japanese identity and the relationship between religion and the country for more than than 4 centuries.[6] Nigh large Christian denominations, including Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodox Christianity, are represented in Japan today.

Co-ordinate to a poll conducted by the Gallup Organisation in 2006, Christianity has increased significantly in Nihon, particularly among youth, and a high number of teens are condign Christians.[seven] [8] [9] Christianity and Christian culture has a mostly positive image in Japan.[10] [eleven] [12] The majority of Japanese people are of the Shinto or Buddhist faith. The bulk of Japanese couples, typically 60–70%, are wed in Christian ceremonies. This makes Christian weddings the most influential aspect of Christianity in contemporary Japan.[13]

Etymology [edit]

The Japanese word for Christianity ( キリスト教 , Kirisuto-kyō ) is a compound of kirisuto (キリスト) the Japanese adaptation of the Portuguese word for Christ, Cristo, and the Sino-Japanese word for doctrine ( 敎 , kyō , a education or precept, from Middle Chinese kæ̀w 敎), equally in Bukkyō (仏教, Japanese for Buddhism).[14]

History [edit]

Missionaries [edit]

Although Nestorians possibly arrived in Japan as early on as the thirteenth century, the commencement conclusive advent of organized Christianity in Japan was the inflow of the Portuguese Catholics in 1549.[15] Spanish missionary Francis Xavier arrived in Japan with three Japanese Catholic converts intending to start a church in Japan. The local Japanese people initially assumed that the foreigners were from Bharat and that Christianity was a new "Indian religion". These mistaken impressions were due to already existing ties between the Portuguese and India; the Indian land of Goa was a central base for Portuguese India at the time, and a significant portion of the crew on lath their ships were Indian Christians.[16]

The martyrdom of a Jesuit father in Japan in 1634, engraved by Gerard Bouttats

Later on, the Roman Cosmic missionary activities were exclusively performed by Jesuits and mendicant orders, such as the Franciscans and Dominicans. Francisco Xavier (a Cosmic Saint),[17] Cosme de Torres (a Jesuit priest), and Juan Fernández were the showtime who arrived in Kagoshima with hopes to bring Christianity to Nihon. Xavier and the Jesuit order was held in good esteem and his efforts seemed to have been rewarded with a thriving community of converts.[18] At baptism, these converts were given Portuguese "Christian names" and encouraged to adopt Western culture. This exercise contributed to suspicions that the converts were in reality strange agents working to subvert social order.[note 1] [18]

Threat to Japan [edit]

Nether Oda Nobunaga, the Jesuits enjoyed the favor of his regency. The successor of Oda, Toyotomi Hideyoshi at offset protected Christianity, however later changed his policy with the publishing of the Bateren edict, banning missionary activities. Subsequently conquering Kyushu, Hideyoshi stopped at Hakozaki and came to believe that Jesuits were selling Japanese people equally slaves overseas, resulting in the same edict. It is too suspected that Hideyoshi believed that the truthful mission of the Christian missionaries was to convert the Japanese population to Christianity, overthrow the authorities, and plough it into a colony. [nineteen] [20] [21] [22] [23]

In 1637, Christians in Nippon rebelled against Amakusa and Shimabara over violent treatment towards Christians by Matsukura Katsuie, resulting in Ieyasu's ban on Christianity. This was the largest rebellion in the history of Japan and convinced the Shogunate that Christianity was a threat to them, causing them to isolate Nippon from the outside world for almost 250 years.

Persecution under the Shogunate [edit]

Under Hideyoshi and the succeeding Tokugawa shogunate, Catholic Christianity was repressed and adherents were persecuted. During Toyotomi rule especially, strange missionaries were killed in Nippon, some by (Japanese-style) crucifixion; nigh famously, the xx-half dozen martyrs of Nippon were tortured and crucified on crosses outside Nagasaki to discourage Christianity in 1597. (Hideyoshi nonetheless showed favor to daimyō who had converted, such every bit Konishi Yukinaga.)[24] Following a brief respite as Tokugawa Ieyasu rose to ability and pursued merchandise with the Portuguese powers, there were further persecutions and martyrdoms in 1613, 1630, 1632 and 1634.[25]

By this point, after the Shimabara Rebellion, the remaining Christians had been forced to publicly renounce their faith. Many continued practicing Christianity in secret, in mod times becoming known as the "hidden Christians" ( 隠れキリシタン , kakure kirishitan ). These clandestine believers would oftentimes conceal Christian iconography in closed shrines, lanterns or inconspicuous parts of buildings. For example, Himeji Castle has a Christian cantankerous on i of its 17th-century roof tiles, in place of a mon, indicating that one of its occupants was a hole-and-corner Christian.[26]

Drawn from the oral histories of Japanese Cosmic communities, Shūsaku Endō'south historical novel Silence provides detailed fictionalised accounts of the persecution of Christian communities and the suppression of the Church.[27]

Opening of Japan [edit]

Helm Herbert Clifford was an officeholder in the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars and the founder of the Loochoo Naval Mission (1843).[28] Clifford worked with missionary the Rev. Bernard Jean Bettelheim, who was the first Christian missionary to Okinawa.

After Japan was opened to greater foreign interaction in 1853, many Christian clergymen were sent from Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox churches, though proselytism was notwithstanding banned. After the Meiji Restoration, liberty of religion was introduced in 1871, giving all Christian communities the right to legal existence and preaching.

Civilization [edit]

Japan remains one of the most secular nations in the earth according to the Globe Values Survey. While there may be upward to 3 meg Japanese Christians,[29] Christianity in Nippon is spread amongst many denominational affiliations. 70 pct of Japanese churches accept an average attendance of less than 50, though membership is often almost double this figure.[30]

Holidays [edit]

The celebration of selected Christian holidays has gained popularity in Japan since the Second Earth War – primarily equally commercial events, but with too an emphasis on sharing time with loved ones, either significant others or close family.

Except in Nippon'due south minority Christian communities, Easter is not typically marked past any special form of celebration.

Christmas in Nihon is historic on a much larger scale every bit a commercial and secular festival, only again is not an official public holiday. Christmas lights,[31] Santa Claus, parties, gift exchanges, and eating Western-inspired Christmas foods, especially Kentucky Fried Chicken and strawberry shortcake, are all familiar features of this issue.[32] Many Christians have criticized this every bit a commercialization of the holiday, beingness opposite to the teachings of Jesus Christ.[11] [33] In Japan rather than being a family unit or religious occasion, Christmas is seen as a time to spend with friends or a significant other. Christmas Eve is historic as a couple's holiday on which romantic gifts are exchanged.

St. Valentine'south Day in Nippon is also historic, but the normal Western cultural traditions are often reversed – women give men a gift of chocolate, and on White Solar day, ane month later, the favor is returned. Gifts are not exclusive to romantic relationships; women exchange gifts about frequently betwixt i another and will occasionally requite male person co-workers chocolate, although this latter exchange is often referred to as an obligation gift. It is non as mutual for couples to go out on dates together; that element seems to exist reflected in Christmas Eve instead.

Expression [edit]

Christian weddings have become prominent as an alternative (or addition) to traditional Shinto ceremonies. This is partially due to the successful missionary efforts of Japanese Christian churches and commercial endeavors. Architecturally resembling churches, wedding ceremony chapels have sprung up across Nihon to encounter the needs of Japanese who do not join Christian churches only notwithstanding desire the ceremony.[13]

Black gospel music has had an enthusiastic reception in Nihon. Stylistic elements from this genre are employed in many J-pop songs.[34]

Major denominations [edit]

Catholicism [edit]

Catholicism in Nippon operates in communion with the worldwide Roman Catholic Church building nether the authority of the Pope in Rome. In 2005, there were approximately 509,000 Catholics in 16 dioceses in Japan.[35] The patron saints of Japan are Francis Xavier and Peter Baptist.[36]

When Francis Xavier arrived in Japan in 1549 as the first Catholic missionary to the archipelago, Catholicism was Japan'south showtime contact with organized Christianity. The Roman Catholic Church remained the only major source of Christianization in Nippon until the fall of the shogunate in 1867 and the Meiji restoration of 1868. The Social club of Jesus started the initial missions, joined after on by the less cautious Franciscan lodge. 20 Catholic missionaries operated in Nihon past 1570.[37] Nagasaki became the centre of Japanese Catholicism, and maintained shut cultural and religious ties to its Portuguese origins. These ties were severed once Christianity was outlawed in the early-17th century; at this indicate, Catholicism went secret, its rites preserved by the Kakure Kirishitan, or "hidden Christians", who continued practicing their religion in underground individual devotion.

The samurai Hasekura Tsunenaga led a diplomatic mission, accompanied by over i hundred Japanese Christians and twenty-two samurai, to run into Pope Paul 5. Hasekura arrived in Acapulco, United mexican states (so New Spain) in 1614; and would so travel to Spain. After meeting with Rex Philip III, Hasekura was baptized as a Roman Catholic under the proper name Felipe Francisco de Fachicura. After traveling to France and Rome, Hasekura returned to Nihon in 1620 and was forced to renounce his adopted religion later on Christianity was banned.[38]

A multitude of Japanese Catholics were brutally tortured and killed for their faith, thus becoming martyrs. Many of these martyrs take been canonized, and their liturgical memorial is celebrated each year on February 6 in laurels of their allegiance to Christ and his Church unto decease.

In 1981 Pope John Paul II paid a visit to Nippon, during which he met with Japanese people, the clergy, and Catholic lay-people, held Holy Mass in the Korakuen Stadium (Tokyo), and visited the Peace Memorial Park in Hiroshima, the Hill of Martyrs in Nagasaki, town of the Immaculate founded by St. Maximilian Kolbe in Nagasaki, and other places.[39]

Protestantism [edit]

James Curtis Hepburn, M.D., LL.D. (March 13, 1815 – June 11, 1911) was the get-go Presbyterian missionary to Nihon, arriving in 1859, the same year as the start ordained representatives of the Anglican Communion, the Rev., later Bishop, Channing Moore Williams, founder of Rikkyo Academy, Tokyo, and the Rev. John Liggins of the Episcopal Church building in the United States of America.[40]

A Christian preacher on a streetcorner in Ikebukuro equipped with a loudspeaker and a poster warning of the nearness of Judgment Day.

Hepburn went to Japan initially as a medical missionary with the American Presbyterian Mission[40] opening a clinic in Kanagawa Prefecture, near present-24-hour interval Tokyo. He afterwards founded the Hepburn School, which developed into Meiji Gakuin University, and wrote a Japanese–English language dictionary. In the dictionary'south third edition,[41] published in 1886, Hepburn adopted a new system for romanization of the Japanese language (Rōmajikai). This system is widely known equally Hepburn romanization because Hepburn's dictionary popularized it. Hepburn besides contributed to the Protestant translation of the Bible into Japanese. Hepburn returned to the U.s. in 1892. On March xiv, 1905, Hepburn'southward 90th altogether, he was awarded the decoration of the Gild of the Rise Sun, third grade. Hepburn was the second greenhorn to receive this honor.[42]

Divie Bethune McCartee was the first ordained Presbyterian minister missionary to visit Nihon, in 1861–1862. His gospel tract translated into Japanese was among the beginning Protestant literature in Japan. In 1865 McCartee moved back to Ningbo, China, only others take followed in his footsteps. There was a burst of growth of Christianity in the late 19th century when Nihon re-opened its doors to the West. Protestant church growth slowed dramatically in the early 20th century under the influence of the military machine government during the Shōwa period.

The post-Globe War II years have seen increasing activeness by evangelicals, initially with Due north American influence, and some growth occurred between 1945 and 1960. The Japanese Bible Society was established in 1937 with the help of National Bible Society of Scotland (NBSS, now called the Scottish Bible Society), the American Bible Society, the British and Foreign Bible Gild.[43]

Orthodoxy [edit]

According to Paulos Gregorios, there were possibly 40,000 adherents of the Japanese Orthodox Church in 1999.[44] The current primate of Japan is Daniel Nushiro, Metropolitan of all Japan and Archbishop of Tokyo, who was elevated to the primacy in 2000.[45] The primate's seat is the Holy Resurrection Cathedral in Chiyoda, Tokyo. Founded in 1891, the cathedral has been known as Nikolai-do in laurels of its founder Nicholas Kasatkin, at present venerated every bit St. Nicholas of Japan. The cathedral serves as the seat of the national primate of Japan and continues to be the primary center of Orthodox Christian worship in Nihon.

Eastern Orthodoxy was brought to Japan in the 19th century by St. Nicholas (baptized as Ivan Dmitrievich Kasatkin),[46] who was sent in 1861 by the Russian Orthodox Church to Hakodate, Hokkaidō as priest to a chapel of the Russian Consulate.[47] St. Nicholas of Japan made his own translation of the New Testament and some other religious books (Lenten Triodion, Pentecostarion, Banquet Services, Volume of Psalms, Irmologion) into Japanese.[48] The Patriarchate of Moscow glorified, (canonized every bit a saint) Nicholas in 1970; he is now recognized as St. Nicholas, Equal-to-the-Apostles. His celebration solar day is February 16. Andronic Nikolsky, appointed the showtime Bishop of Kyoto and later on martyred as the archbishop of Perm during the Russian Revolution, was also canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church equally a Saint and Martyr in the yr 2000.

The Ecumenical Patriarchate is besides present with the Greek Orthodox Exarchate of Nihon under the Orthodox City of Korea.

Jehovah's Witnesses [edit]

In 2020, the number of Jehovah's Witnesses was 212,683 active publishers, united in 2,964 congregations; 273,856 people attended annual celebration of Lord's Evening Meal in 2020.[49] Before 1945 they were banned in Nippon. Many Jehovah's Witnesses were jailed; one of them, Katsuo Miura, was in the Hiroshima prison during the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.[fifty]

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints [edit]

As of year-end 2009, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-twenty-four hour period Saints (LDS Church building) reported 29 stakes, xiv districts, 163 wards, 125 branches, 7 missions, and 3 temples in Nippon.[51] Every bit of July 2016, there are 128,216 members.[52] The LDS Church was established in Nihon in 1901[51] when the first LDS Church missionaries arrived on Baronial 12, 1901. Among them was Heber J. Grant, at the time a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, the 7th President of the Church building.[53]

Equally of March xv, 2011 there were over 630 LDS missionaries serving in the church'due south 6 missions in Japan.[54]

See too [edit]

  • Religion in Japan

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ In the source, this claim is made of all of Xavier's converts across Asia in general, including but not limited to those in Japan

References [edit]

  1. ^ Why Nihon Wants Its Past Persecution of Christians to Be World Renowned May 29, 2018 Christianity Today
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  3. ^ Heide Fehrenbach, Uta Thou. Poiger (2000). Transactions, transgressions, transformations: American civilization in Western Europe and Japan. Berghahn Books. p. 62. ISBN978-i-57181-108-0. ... followers of the Christian organized religion constitute just about a one-half percent of the Japanese population
  4. ^ Ishikawa Akito (22 November 2019), "A Footling Organized religion: Christianity and the Japanese", Nippon.com. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
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  11. ^ a b Kimura, Junko; Belk, Russell (September 2005). "Christmas in Japan: Globalization Versus Localization". Consumption Markets & Culture. 8 (3): 325–338. doi:10.1080/10253860500160361. S2CID 144740841.
  12. ^ "A Fiddling Faith: Christianity and the Japanese". Nippon.com: Your Doorway to Japan. 22 November 2019. Christian culture in full general has a positive image.
  13. ^ a b LeFebvre, Jesse (2 Nov 2015). "Christian Hymeneals Ceremonies 'Nonreligiousness' in Contemporary Japan". Japanese Periodical of Religious Studies. 42 (2). doi:10.18874/jjrs.42.two.2015.185-203.
  14. ^ Kodansha'southward furigana Japanese Lexicon. Nippon: Kodansha Inc. 1999.
  15. ^ Mullins, Mark (1998). Christianity Made in Japan: A Study of Indigenous Movements. Academy of Hawaii Press. p. 12. ISBN978-0-8248-2132-6.
  16. ^ Leupp, Gary P. (2003). Interracial Intimacy in Japan. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 35. ISBN978-0-8264-6074-5.
  17. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Francis Xavier". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  18. ^ a b Gonzáles, Justo 50. (Jan 2004) The Story of Christianity, tertiary edition. Prince Press/Hendrickson Publishers. Book 1, pages 405–406
  19. ^ Nelson, Thomas (Winter 2004). "Slavery in Medieval Japan". Monumenta Nipponica. Sophia University. 59 (4): 463. JSTOR 25066328.
  20. ^ "日本人奴隷の謎を追って＝400年前に南米上陸か?!＝連載（７）＝キリシタン浪人との説も＝下克上の世を疎み出国か". Nikkey Shimbun (in Japanese). 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2019-12-28 .
  21. ^ Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 479. ISBN0-19-517055-v . Retrieved 2014-02-02 .
  22. ^ Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1 (illustrated ed.). Oxford Academy Press. 2010. p. 187. ISBN0-xix-533770-0 . Retrieved 2014-02-02 .
  23. ^ Monumenta Nipponica. Jōchi Daigaku. Sophia Academy. 2004. p. 465. Retrieved 2014-02-02 . {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  24. ^ Ledford, Adam (January 8, 2015). "Christians in Kyushu: A History". Tofugu. Tofugu. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
  25. ^ June 6th - Servant of God Sebastian Vieira, SJ at Society of Jesus, Singapore
  26. ^ Guide to World Heritage Site Himeiji Castle. Ryuusenkaku.jp. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
  27. ^ https://celmoreblog.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/235449575-silence-shusaku-endo-william-johnston.pdf[ blank URL PDF ]
  28. ^ O'Byrne, William R. (31 March 2019). "A naval biographical dictionary: comprising the life and services of every living officeholder in Her Majesty's navy, from the rank of admiral of the fleet to that of lieutenant, inclusive". London, J. Murray – via Net Archive.
  29. ^ US State Department 2007 Religious Freedom Report. Country.gov (2007-09-xiv). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
  30. ^ OMF International – Nihon, the Land of Contrasts. Omf.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-xv.
  31. ^ Shizuko Mishima, About.com guide. Christmas in Japan, Nihon travel section of About.com. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
  32. ^ "Why Japan is Obsessed with Kentucky Fried Craven on Christmas".
  33. ^ Luna Batinga, Georgiana; de Rezende Pinto, Marcelo; Pimenta Resende, Sara (October 2017). "Christmas, consumption and materialism: discourse analysis of children's Christmas letters". Review of Business Direction: 557–573. doi:x.7819/rbgn.v0i0.3429.
  34. ^ Ron Rucker, GospelCity.com Gospel Music Explosion – in JAPAN??!! Archived 2009-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
  35. ^ "Statistics past Country, by Cosmic Population [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.cosmic-hierarchy.org. 2005-xi-20. Archived from the original on 2002-06-09. Retrieved 2021-08-25 .
  36. ^ GCatholic.org – Catholic Church in Japan. GCatholic.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
  37. ^ Wohl, Herbert (3 December 1970). "James Curtis Hepburn, M.D., 1815–1911 (Hepburn of Nihon)". New England Journal of Medicine. 283 (23): 1271–1274. doi:x.1056/NEJM197012032832307. PMID 4920344.
  38. ^ "The Unknown Story of the Samurai Who Traveled to Mexico Hundreds of Years Ago". Curiosmos. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  39. ^ Apostolic Journey to Pakistan, Philippines I, Guam (Us of America 2), Nippon, Anchorage (Us of America II) (February xvi–27, 1981), Vatican Official Site
  40. ^ a b James Curtis Hepburn: H: By Person: Stories: Biographical Lexicon of Chinese Christianity Archived 2016-10-25 at the Wayback Machine. Bdcconline.net (1906-03-04). Retrieved on 2011-06-15.
  41. ^ Hepburn, James Curtis (1886). A Japanese–English language and English–Japanese Lexicon (3rd ed.). Tokyo: Z. P. Maruya. Archived from the original on 2014-09-17. Retrieved 2009-07-25 .
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  44. ^ Gregorios, Paulos (1999). Introducing the Orthodox Churches. p. 22. ISBN9788172144876 . Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  45. ^ "東京の大主教、全日本の府主教ダニイル "Daniel, Archbishop of Tokyo and Metropolitan of all Nihon"" (in Japanese). The Orthodox Church in Japan. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2007-08-25 .
  46. ^ Equal-to-the-Apostles St. Nicholas of Japan, Russian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist web-site, Washington D.C.
  47. ^ "日本の正教会の歴史と現代 "History of Japanese Orthodox Charch and At present"" (in Japanese). The Orthodox Church in Japan. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2007-08-25 .
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  49. ^ https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2020-service-year-study/2020-country-territory/
  50. ^ Tomiji Hironaka. "I Was Determined to Die for the Emperor". — Awake! 1992, February. eight.
  51. ^ a b The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-twenty-four hours Saints. "Country information: Nihon". The Church News. Salt Lake Urban center, Utah: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
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  53. ^ Heber J. Grant (2002). "The Life and Ministry of Heber J. Grant". Teachings of Presidents of the Church building: Heber J. Grant. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. LDS Church publication number 35970
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Further reading [edit]

  • Turnbull, Stephen R.; Stephe, Turnbull (1998). The Kakure Kirishitan of Japan: A Report of Their Evolution, Behavior and Rituals to the Present 24-hour interval. Psychology Printing. ISBN978-1-873410-seventy-7.
  • Moore, Ray A. (2011). Soldier of God: MacArthur's Effort to Christianize Nihon. MerwinAsia. ISBN978-0-9836599-4-v.
  • Fujita, Neil Due south. (1991). Japan'southward Encounter with Christianity: The Catholic Mission in Pre-mod Nihon. Paulist Press. ISBN978-0-8091-3206-5.
  • "The Christian Century in Japan: 1549-1650" past Charles Ralph Boxer.
  • "Japan: An Endeavour at Interpretation" by Lafcadio Hearn
  • de los Arcos, Maria Fernanda K. (2002). "The Philippine colonial elite and the evangelization of Nippon". Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies (iv): 63–89.
  • "French Catholic Missionaries in Japan in the Bakumatsu and Early Meiji Periods" by JEAN-PIERRE LEHMANN
  • "A Missionary'due south Life in the Land of the Gods" by Isaac Dooman
  • "French Policy in Japan During the Closing Years of the Tokugawa Regime" by Meron Medzini, Publisher : Harvard Univ Asia Center, ISBN 0674322304, 9780674322301
  • "The Truth about Japan" past T.W.H. Crosland, Publisher : G. Richards, 1904
  • "Women Religious Leaders in Japans Christian Century, 1549 - 1650" By Haruko Nawata Ward, Publisher : Ashgate
  • "The Cambridge History of Nihon, Volume 4" edited past John Whitney Hall
  • "Anti-foreignism and Western Learning in Early-modern Japan: The New Theses of" past Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi
  • "The Samurai and the Sacred: The Path of the Warrior" By Stephen Turnbull
  • Ballhatchet, Helen (2007). "Christianity and Gender Relationships in Japan: Case Studies of Union and Divorce in Early on Meiji Protestant Circles". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 34 (1): 177–201. JSTOR 30234180.
  • Germany, Charles H., ed. The Response of the Church to Changing Japan. New York: Friendship Printing, 1967.
  • Lee, Samuel (2014). The Japanese and Christianity: Why Is Christianity Not Widely Believed in Japan?. Foundation University Press. ISBN978-94-90179-17-5.

External links [edit]

  • Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Nihon". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Visitor.
  • History of the Japanese Catholic Church by the Daughters of St. Paul convent; Tokyo, Japan
  • What was Japan's Christian Century (1550–1650)? by JARS: Japanese Association for Renaissance Studies
  • Christianity is popular in Nihon today, Orthodox Portal
  • Japanese Living Bible
  • Japanese Bible Social club Archived 2017-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
  • The Christian Century in Japan, by Charles Boxer

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan

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